Ampicillin | Health and Prostate

Posts Tagged ‘Ampicillin’

Therapy and Prognosis

Posted by admin on June 21st, 2011 No Comments

Antimicrobial Therapy For an antimicrobial agent to be effective against prostatic infection, several properties of the agent must be met. First, the drug must achieve adequate bactericidal levels in both urine and prostate. Most commonly used agents today attain 50- to 100-fold greater urinary concentrations than serum concentration. Second, to enter the prostate under noninflammatory conditions, the agent should be lipid soluble and exist in the nonionized form. Once inside the prostate, the ideal agent should exist as a basic ion to trap itself within the prostate.''' The fluoroquinolones meet most of the above criteria and are the first agents of choice in treating bacterial prostatitis. Some have questioned whether an inflamed prostate represents a similar environment to the uninflamed prostate with respect to pharmacodynamics. To address this question, a group of investigators induced prostatitis in rats and then treated the animals with norfloxacin, followed by assays for intraprostatic norfloxacin levels. The authors found no difference in levels or efficacy of the antimicrobial and concluded Read more [...]

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Chronic Bacterial Prostatitis in the Elderly

Posted by admin on May 5th, 2011 No Comments

Chronic bacterial prostatitis is now recognized as an important cause of relapses of urinary tract infection in elderly men. It is most commonly caused by E. coli, but Klebsiella-Enterobacter, P. mirabilis, and enterococci are also common causes. S. epidermidis, S. aureus, and diphtheroids have been frequent isolates in some series. Many individuals with chronic infection of the prostate are totally asymptomatic. However, some have perineal discomfort, low back pain, or dysuria. Symptoms of acute urinary tract infection may periodically appear. In fact, chronic bacterial prostatitis is probably the most common cause of relapsing urinary tract infection in men. Fever, if present, tends to be low grade unless pyelonephritis occurs. Rectal examination and intravenous pyelograms are unremarkable unless the patient also has an enlarged prostate from benign prostatic hypertrophy or carcinoma. Because of the focal nature of chronic bacterial prostatitis, needle biopsy of the prostate gland for culture of tissue is unreliable. Demonstration of leukocytes in prostatic fluid is not specific for bacterial Read more [...]

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Chemotherapy: Bactericidal Synergy And Antagonism

Posted by admin on December 29th, 2009 No Comments

Jawetz & Gunnison (1953) in one of their now classic papers on 'Antibiotic Synergism and Antagonism' defined 'synergism' as 'the ability of two antimicrobial drugs acting together to increase markedly the rate of early bactericidal [my italics] action, as compared to the rate with either drug alone, and to kill greater numbers of bacteria or to cure experimental or clinical infections more effectively than could be expected from simple algebraic summation of single drug effects'. Simple summation was termed 'addition' and any combined effect less than the sum was called 'antagonism'. It will be seen from this definition that Jawetz & Gunnison were concerned with the bactericidal, not the bacteristatic, effect of drugs and it has been found in practice that it is synergy of this type which operates in vivo. In special cases a combination of drugs may be qualitatively as well as quantitatively different from the action of either drug alone. Thus the combination of penicillin and streptomycin acting together against enterococci is more effective than any concentration of either drug separately. Read more [...]

Posted in Treatment

Chemotherapy: Introduction

Posted by admin on December 28th, 2009 No Comments

The use of antibiotic combinations for the treatment of bacterial infections has been the subject of many reviews (Garrod 1953, 1964, Chabbert 1953, Dowling 1957, Jawetz 1958, Lacey 1960). All the authors take the view that double chemotherapy is only justified for certain specific reasons, and condemn factory-made mixtures of antibiotics, on the grounds that it is important to prescribe the two antibiotics in appropriately chosen doses. Moreover, the trade name of a mixture often gives no indication of the drugs it contains and may suggest to the uninitiated that it is a new antibiotic, rather than a mixture of two well known ones. The reasons suggested for double chemotherapy are: (1) To achieve a synergic effect. (2) To delay the emergence of resistant strains. (3) To prevent super infection. (4) To treat relatively inaccessible bacteria. (5) To treat mixed infections. (6) To treat undiagnosed infections. In addition some people have recommended the use of two drugs in order to achieve good therapeutic results with small doses of drugs which would be too toxic to use in larger doses, Read more [...]

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Diagnosis and Treatment of Prostatitis. Part 4

Posted by admin on December 2nd, 2009 No Comments

Antimicrobial Regimens for the Treatment of Acute and Chronic Bacterial Prostatitis Drug class Dose* and Route Common Side Effects Comments Trimethoprim/ sulfamethoxazole 160 mg TMP–800 mg SMX PO BID Nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, photosensitivity May be used for suppressive therapy as one single-strength tablet given once a day Fluoroquinolones ofloxacin 200 mg–400 mg PO BID Nausea, vomiting, dizziness, insomnia, photosensitivity Drug-drug interactions with theophylline, caffeine, warfarin and other drugs metabolized by the cytochrome p450 system. Drug-nutrient interactions with di– and trivalent cations (e.g., Mg, Al, Ca, Fe, Zn, and Cr) norfloxacin 400 mg PO BID ciprofloxacin 250 mg–500 mg PO BID Aminopenicillins ampicillin 2 gm IV Q6h Diarrhea, rash, hypersensitivity reactions Contraindicated in patients with a history of penicillin anaphylaxis amoxicillin 500 mg PO Q8h Aminoglycosides gentamicin 1 mg/kg–2 mg/kg Q8h Nephrotoxicity, vestibular and auditory toxicity Serum concentrations need to be Read more [...]

Posted in Prostatitis

Diagnosis and Treatment of Prostatitis. Part 2

Posted by admin on December 1st, 2009 No Comments

Acute Bacterial Prostatitis Acute bacterial prostatitis (ABP) is the least common of the prostate infections. It is usually accompanied by a urinary tract infection with positive cultures from prostatic secretions. It presents with a sudden onset of fever, chills, and low back and perianal pain. Patients often complain of obstructive (dysuria, nocturia, urgency, frequency, and burning) and irritative (hesitancy, straining, dribbling, weak stream, and incomplete emptying) urinary symptoms. Other constitutional symptoms include generalized malaise, arthralgias and myalgias. Physical examination reveals a warm, tender, swollen and indurated prostate. The diagnosis of acute bacterial prostatitis can be made based on clinical signs and symptoms. Often, urinary cultures are positive and reveal Escherichia coli as the most prevalent pathogen. Other Gram-negative microorganisms from the Enterobacteriaceae class, such as Proteus sp. and Klebsiella sp., may also be present. In patients who present with a recent history of hospitalization and/or broad-spectrum antimicrobial use, a high index of suspicion Read more [...]

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Prostatitis Syndromes. Part 5: Treatment

Posted by admin on November 28th, 2009 No Comments

Experiments in animals show that most antimicrobial agents diffuse very poorly into the prostatic tissue and prostatic secretions. Experimentally, a notable exception was trimethoprim. Trimethoprim diffuses easily into prostatic secretion because of its favorable pharmacokinetics, which includes the pH of the prostatic fluid and tissue as well as the specific negative logarithm of the ionization constant of the drug. Trime-thoprim-sulphamethoxazole or trimethoprim alone have been the antimicrobial agents with the best documented record of success in treating chronic bacterial prostatitis. Theoretically, erythromycin and minocycline also achieve therapeutic levels in the secretions. However, these drugs are characterized by a high incidence of adverse side effects, and neither is really suitable for long-term use. The only antibiotic approved for chronic bacterial prostatitis is carbenicillin. Studies have not confirmed that this is the most appropriate drug for this disease. The new quinolones offer theoretical efficacy in that they do diffuse very freely into the prostatic secretion Read more [...]

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Posts Tagged ‘Ampicillin’

Symptoms and Treatment

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